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Umm ar-Rasas
Umm ar-Rasas ((アラビア語:أم الرّصاص)) (Kastrom Mefa'a, Kastron Mefa'a) is located 30 km southeast of Madaba, which is the capital city of the Madaba Governorate in central Jordan. It was once accessible by branches of the King's Highway (ancient), and is situated in the semi-arid steppe region of the Jordanian Desert. The site has been allied to the biblical settlement of Mepha'at mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah. The Roman military utilized the site as a strategic garrison, but it was later converted and inhabited by Christian and Islamic communities. In 2004, the site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (), and is valued by archaeologists for its extensive ruins dating to the Roman, Byzantine, and early Muslim periods. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum () carried out excavations at the north end of the site in 1986, but much of the area remains buried under debris.
==Early History==
Particularly during the epochs of the Early Bronze Age III-IV, Iron Age II, and Roman-Byzantine eras, dense populations inhabited the topographical regions beyond the western banks of the Dead Sea.〔Dearman, J. Andrew. 1997. “Roads and Settlements in Moab”. The Biblical Archaeologist 60 (4). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 205.〕 Among these ancient settlements, the site of Mepha’at has been mentioned in biblical texts as one of the cities upon the tableland to be condemned to great destruction (Jeremiah 48:21).〔May, Herbert G., and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version, Containing the Second Edition of the New Testament and an Expanded Edition of the Apocrypha. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.〕 Many branches of the King’s Highway provided a means for reaching the more remote ancient cities, but the main route served as the forerunner for the Via nova Traiana built by the Roman Emperor Trajan (53-117 A.D.).〔Dearman, J. Andrew. 1997. “Roads and Settlements in Moab”. The Biblical Archaeologist 60 (4). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 206.〕 This road with its many branches facilitated travel, and Roman military encampments were set in place along the way as a defensive measure against barbarian assaults across the Roman desert frontier known as the Limes Arabicus. Eusebius of Caesarea identified Mephaath as the camp site of a Roman army near the desert in his Onomasticon (K.128:21).〔Stefan Timm, Eusebius und die Heilige Schrift: Die Schriftvorlagen des Onomastikons der Biblischen Ortsnamen (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2010), 477.〕 Also, the excavation of a Byzantine church here exposed an inscription naming the area as “Castron Mephaa” further supporting the theory that Umm-ar Rasas and the biblical Mephaat are one in the same.〔Ibid., 210.〕
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